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- Director
- Writer
- Producer
David Wark Griffith was born in rural Kentucky to Jacob "Roaring Jake" Griffith, a former Confederate Army colonel and Civil War veteran. Young Griffith grew up with his father's romantic war stories and melodramatic nineteenth-century literature that were to eventually shape his movies. In 1897 Griffith set out to pursue a career both acting and writing for the theater, but for the most part was unsuccessful. Reluctantly, he agreed to act in the new motion picture medium for Edwin S. Porter at the Edison Company. Griffith was eventually offered a job at the financially struggling American Mutoscope & Biograph Co., where he directed over four hundred and fifty short films, experimenting with the story-telling techniques he would later perfect in his epic The Birth of a Nation (1915).
Griffith and his personal cinematographer G.W. Bitzer collaborated to create and perfect such cinematic devices as the flashback, the iris shot, the mask and cross-cutting. In the years following "Birth", Griffith never again saw the same monumental success as his signature film and, in 1931, his increasing failures forced his retirement. Though hailed for his vision in narrative film-making, he was similarly criticized for his blatant racism. Griffith died in Los Angeles in 1948, one of the most dichotomous figures in film history.- Lee Tong Foo was born on 23 April 1875 in Alameda, California, USA. He was an actor, known for Across the Pacific (1942), There's a Girl in My Heart (1949) and Mr. Wong, Detective (1938). He died on 1 May 1966 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Actor
- Director
- Soundtrack
J. Farrell MacDonald was born on 14 April 1875 in Waterbury, Connecticut, USA. He was an actor and director, known for Sunrise (1927), My Darling Clementine (1946) and The Great Lie (1941). He was married to Edith Bostwick. He died on 2 August 1952 in Hollywood, California, USA.- Actor
- Soundtrack
Samuel S. Hinds, a Harvard graduate, was a lawyer in Hollywood until the stock market crash of 1929, in which he lost most of his money. Hinds, who had an interest in theater acting, decided to embark on a career in acting, albeit it age 54. The tall, dignified-looking Hinds appeared in over 200 films, often cast as kindly authoritarian figures--doctors, judges, military officers, politicians, and such. His two most notable appearances were in Destry Rides Again (1939) and It's a Wonderful Life (1946). In addition to his film work, he kept busy appearing on stage, and continued working up until his death in 1948.- Edward Alexander "Aleister" Crowley was an English occultist, ceremonial magician, philosopher, professional writer, and self-proclaimed prophet. In his youth, Crowley joined the occult organization Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (1887-1903), where he received much of his training in theurgy and ceremonial magic. In 1904, Crowley established his own religion: Thelema (Greek for "the will"). He had supposedly received a divine revelation from an angel. Crowley believed that humans should strive to overcome both their desires and their socially-instilled inhibitions in order to find out the true purpose of their respective lives. Several of Crowley's religious ideas went on to influence Wicca, the practice of chaos magick, Satanism, and Scientology.
In 1875, Crowley was born in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire to a wealthy family. His father was the retired engineer Edward Crowley (1829-1887), who was 46-years-old at the time of Crowley's birth. Edward had grown wealthy due to being the partial owner of a successful brewery. Cowley's mother was Emily Bertha Bishop (1848-1917), a member of a somewhat prominent family whose members lived in both Devonshire and Somerset.
Crowley's parents were converts of the Plymouth Brethren, a Christian fundamentalist movement whose members believed that the Bible is the only authority for church doctrine and practice. Crowley received his early education at an evangelical boarding school located in Hastings. He was then send to the Ebor preparatory school in Cambridge. The boy grew to hate the abusive Reverend Henry d'Arcy Champney, who inflicted sadistic punishments on his students. Crowley eventually dropped out of this school, due to health problems. The boy had developed albuminuria, a urine disease.
By the time he was 12, Crowley was skeptical about Christianity and its teachings. Years of bible study had resulted in Crowley realizing and memorizing the inconsistencies in the Bible. He eagerly pointed these to his religious teachers. In his teen years, Crowley largely rejected Christian morality. He felt the need to satisfy his sexual urges, and did not view this need as immoral. He received college lessons in chemistry, and started writing poetry as a hobby. In his early 20s, Crowley was also a chess enthusiast, and an increasingly skilled mountaineer. In 1894, Crowley joined the Scottish Mountaineering Club. In 1895, Crowley climbed the peaks of five mountains in the Bernese Alps.
By 1895, Crowley started using his nickname "Aleister" as his legal name. From 1895 to 1898, Crowley attended Trinity College, Cambridge. He studied primarily philosophy and literature. He was the president of the local chess club, and briefly considered pursuing a career as a professional chess player. In 1896, Crowley had his first sexual experience with another man while vacationing in Stockholm, Sweden. He would later embrace his bisexuality. He had sexual sexual relationships with various men while living in Cambridge, though such activities were illegal in Victorian England. In 1897, Crowley started a romantic relationship with the on-stage female impersonator (drag queen) Herbert Charles Pollitt (1871-1942). They eventually broke up because Pollitt refused to join his boyfriend in his studies of mysticism and occultism. Crowley later wrote several texts concerning his lifelong regrets about ending his relationship with Pollitt.
In 1898, Crowley dropped out of Cambridge. He maintained excellent grades, but he lost interest in actually pursuing a degree. Also in 1898, Crowley published two volumes of his poems. Shortly after leaving Cambridge, the novice occultist Crowley started hanging out with members of the occultist organization Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (1887-1903). He was formally initiated into the organization in November 1898. His initiation ritual was performed by the organization's de facto leader, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854 -1918). Crowley grew to consider Mathers to be an ineffectual leader.
In the late 1890s, Crowley received training in ceremonial magic by more experienced members of the Golden Dawn. He was fascinated with the ritual use of drugs. He rose through the organization's ranks, but was soon refused entry into the group's inner Second Order. The openly bisexual and libertine Crowley was disliked by several conservative members of the organization. Crowley had started a feud with a fellow member, the Irish poet William Butler Yeats (1865-1939). Yeats' friends resented Crowley.
A schism eventually started within the Golden Dawn, between Mathers' supporters and the members who disliked Mathers' autocratic policies. Crowley chose to support Mathers, and tried to take over one of the organization's temples in the name of Mathers. The dispute resulted in a court case between the rival factions of the Golden Dawn, over ownership of the temple. Mathers lost the court case, and Crowley started being treated as a pariah by members of the winning faction.
In 1900, Crowley decided to migrate to Mexico. He settled in Mexico City, where he experimented with the Enochian invocations of the famed occultist and alchemist John Dee (1527-1608/1609). His mountaineering activities led him to reach the top of several Mexican mountains, such as Iztaccihuatl, Popocatepetl, and Colima. After leaving Mexico, Crowley started traveling the world in search of new experiences. He visited California, Hawaii, Japan, Hong Kong, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), India, and France. Crowley took part in a failed mountaineering expedition that attempted to reach the peak of K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth. The expedition reached an altitude of 20,000 feet (6,100 meters). They abandon the attempt to reach the peak, as Crowley and several other expedition members were suffering from malaria.
In August 1903, Crowley married Rose Edith Kelly (1874-1932), the sister of one of his close friends. It was a marriage of convenience, not love. Rose wanted to escape an arranged marriage, and was fleeing from domineering family members. Her brother viewed the marriage as a personal betrayal by Crowley. The couple took an extended honeymoon. In February 1904, the couple settled in Cairo Egypt. Crowley started invoking ancient Egyptian deities in magical ceremonies. He also took the opportunity to study Islamic mysticism.
In early April 1904, Crowley started listening to the disembodied voice of the angel Aiwass. It supposedly delivered to Crowley messages from the god Horus, concerning a new age for humanity. Crowley recorded his divine revelations in "The Book of the Law", the first publication of Thelema. The disembodied voice supposedly also requested a number of difficult tasks from Crowley, who simply chose to ignore them as unreasonable demands.
In 1905, Crowley returned to his private estate in Scotland, for the first time in several years. He renounced his former mentor Mathers, as Crowley was convinced that the old man was conspiring against him. Crowley established his own printing company, the "Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth". He chose the name to mock a Christian charity organization, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (1698-). The primary purpose of the company was the promotion of Crowley's literary works. By this point, Crowley was relatively famous as a poet. Several of his poems were favorably received by critics, but they never sold well.
Crowley soon resumed world traveling. He led a failed mountaineering expedition to climb the mountain Kanchenjunga in Nepal. Crowley faced a mutiny over his reckless behavior during the expedition. He returned to India, then made an extended tour of Southern China. He also visited Hanoi in Vietnam. He worked on a new ritual while in China, invoking his Holy Guardian Angel. He proceeded to travel through Japan and Canada, and visited New York City in a failed effort to secure funding for a new mountaineering expedition.
Crowley's return to the United Kingdom came with a nasty surprise for him. He learned that his first-born daughter Lilith Crowley had died of typhoid fever during his absence. He also realized that his wife Rose was struggling with alcoholism, and that she was probably not fit to be a parent. His own health was failing at the time, and he underwent a series of surgical operations.
In 1907, Crowley started regularly using hashish in his magic rituals. In 1909, he published an essay concerning the mystical aspects of hashish use. He published several books concerning the occult during the late 1900s. The family fortune which he had inherited was running out at the time, and he tried to secure additional funds. At one point, Crowley was hired by George Montagu Bennett, the Earl of Tankerville, to protect him from evil witchcraft. Crowley realized that Tankerville was a cocaine-addict suffering from paranoia, so Crowley just improvised a drug rehabilitation project for his employer.
In 1908, Crowley realized that horror short stories were selling much better than poetry. So he published a series of his own horror stories. He also became a regular writer for a weekly magazine, the so-called "Vanity Fair" (1868-1914). In 1909, Crowley established his own magazine, "The Equinox" (1909-1998). The magazine specialized in texts about occultism and magick, but also regularly published poetry, prose fiction, and biographies.
In 1909, Crowley divorced his wife Rose, as he was fed-up with her drinking binges. Rose was institutionalized in 1911.In November 1909, Crowley started a long journey through the deserts of Algeria. He chose to recite the Quran on a daily basis while living in the desert. At one point, Crowley offered a blood sacrifice to the demon Choronzon while still in Algeria. He returned to London in January 1910, to find that his old mentor Mather was suing him for publishing secret texts of the defunct Golden Dawn. Crowley both won the court case, and enjoyed the publicity which the case brought him. The yellow press was portraying him as a Satanist, and Crowley found it amusing to embrace various stereotypes about Satanism at the time.
In 1910, Crowley organized the Rites of Artemis, a public performance of magic and symbolism. All the performers were associates and followers of Crowley. The celebrations received favorable reviews from the press. The encouraged Crowley soon organized the Rites of Eleusis in Westminster, but this performance received mostly negative reviews. There were press reports at the time that Crowley was homosexual, but the authorities made no attempt to arrest him. Crowley devoted the next couple of years to his writing activities, completing 19 works on magic and mysticism in this period. He also continued publishing poetry and fiction.
In 1912, Crowley published the magical book "The Book of Lies", one of his best-reviewed works. Crowley found himself accused of plagiarizing the works of the German occultist Theodor Reuss (1855-1923), based on the similarities between their ideas. Crowley managed to convince Reuss that the similarities were coincidental, and befriended Reuss in the process. Crowley was then initiated in Reuss' own occult organization, the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO). With Reuss' permission, Crowley established a British branch of the organization and completely rewrote most of the organization's rituals. OTO was practicing sex magic, and Crowley liked that idea.
In 1913, Crowley served as the producer for a group of female violinists. Primarily because the group's leader was a close friend and lover of Crowley. He followed them during 6 weeks of performances in Moscow, Russia. Crowley wrote several new works while in Moscow. In January 1914, Crowley and his long-term lover Victor Neuburg settled together in a Parisian apartment. The couple experimented with sex magic rituals, which involved the use of strong drugs. At the time, Crowley regularly invoked the Roman gods Jupiter and Mercury in his new rituals. Noticing that Neuburg had started distancing himself from Crowley by the end of their vacation in Paris, Crowley had an intense argument with him and ritually cursed Neuburg.
By 1914, Crowley was nearly bankrupt. He financially depended on donation by his followers. In May 1914, he transferred the ownership of his estate in Scotland. Later that year, Crowley suffered from a bout of phlebitis. Following his recovery, he decided to migrate to the United States for financial reasons. He settled in New York City, where he became a regular writer for the American version of the magazine "Vanity Fair" (1913-1936). He continued experimenting with sex magic while living in the Big Apple.
During World War I, Crowley declared his support for the German Empire against the British Empire. His sympathies were possibly influenced by his German friends in the OTO. In 1915, Crowley was hired as a writer for the propagandist newspaper "The Fatherland", which championed German interests in the United States. Crowley left New York City for a while, going on an extended tour of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. He visited Vancouver to make contact with the local variation of the OTO. Crowley spend part of the winter of 1916 in New Orleans, which was his favorite American city. In February 1917, Crowley headed to Florida for a family reunion with a number of his evangelical Christian relatives who had settled there.
Later in 1917, Crowley returned to New York City. He struggled with unemployment, as several of the newspapers and magazines which had previously hired him had shut down. In 1918, Crowley worked on a new translation of the Taoist book "Tao Te Ching". At the time, Crowley claimed to have started experiencing past life memories. Fueled by his belief in reincarnation, Crowley proclaimed himself to be a reincarnation of Pope Alexander VI/Rodrigo de Borja (1431-1503, term 1492-1503). Having more free time than usual while living in Greenwich Village, Crowley found a new hobby in painting. He exhibited several of his painting at a local literary club, and attracted some attention from the local press.
In 1919, the impoverished Crowley moved back to London. The local press labeled a traitor for his Germanophile tendencies. He was suffering from asthma attacks at the time. An English doctor prescribed a supposedly miraculous drug for Crowley, which promised to cure his asthma. The drug was actually heroine, and was highly addictive. Crowley developed a drug addiction. In January 1920, Crowley moved to the Parisian apartment of his lover Leah Hirsig. While there, he started efforts to establish a new organization, the Abbey of Thelema. He named it after a fictional organization which had appeared in the works of Francois Rabelais (c. 1483-1553).
In April 1920, Crowley settled in Sicily with a number of his supporters and their families. They established the Abbey of Thelema. They established daily rituals for the sun god Ra. Crowley offered a libertine education for the children of his followers, and allowed them to witness sex magic rituals. The organization soon attracted new followers, but Crowley's drug addiction was increasingly out of control. In 1922, Crowley published the autobiographical novel "Diary of a Drug Fiend". The British press criticized it for supposedly promoting the use of drugs.
In 1923, Crowley was at the center of an international scandal. A young Thelemite follower died from a liver infection, after drinking polluted water. His widow published stories of the unsanitary conditions in the Abbey, and of self-harm rituals which Crowley had created for his followers. The international press published scathing stories for Crowley. Benito Mussolini, the fascist Prime Minister of Italy (1883-1945, term 1922-1943) decided to deport Crowley in April 1923. The Abbey was not officially targeted by the fascist government, but it soon collapsed due to its lack of leadership. There was no way to attract more followers of Crowley to Sicily without using Crowley's physical presence as a tool for recruitment.
In self-exile in Tunis during much of 1923, Crowley started working on his autobiography, "The Confessions of Aleister Crowley". In January 1924, Crowley moved back to France in preparation for a series of nasal operations. For the next few years, Crowley spend part of each year in Tunis and part of each year in France. He wrote a few significant works at the time, though some of his personal relationships deteriorated.
In the mid-1920s, Crowley declared himself to be the new leader of the OTO, following the death of Reuss. His right to leadership was questioned by other candidate leaders,. The OTO soon split itself to several rival factions, each proclaiming itself to be the true continuation of the original organization. In 1928, Crowley was deported from France. Due to Crowley's past loyalty to the German Empire, the French authorities worried that he may be a German agent.
In 1929, Crowley moved back to the United Kingdom. He secured a book deal with Mandrake Press, which agreed to publish his autobiography and several works of prose fiction. The Great Depression negatively affected Crowley. In November 1930, Mandrake went into liquidation. Crowley was left with no regular published for his works, and no regular source of income. Crowley spend part of the year 1930 in Berlin, Germany, where his expressionistic paintings were displayed in a gallery. His works gained favorable press reviews, but few of them were actually sold. Painting was not a profitable occupation for Crowley.
In January 1932, Crowley started socializing with German communists and other far left figures in Berlin, despite having never previously expressed any interest in their ideologies. Some of his biographers suspect that Crowley was merely acting as a spy for British intelligence at this time. Later that year, he returned to London for another nasal surgery. In desperate need of money, Crowley launched a series of court cases for libel against his perceived enemies. The litigation proved more expensive than he expected, and he was declared bankrupt in February 1935. The bankruptcy case revealed that Crowley's expenses over the past few years had far exceeded his income.
In 1936, Crowley published "The Equinox of the Gods". It was his first new book in half a decade, and sold unusually well. Crowley also managed to secure funding from the Agape Lodge, a Californian splinter faction of the OTO. His benefactor was the Lodge's de facto leader, the rocket engineer Jack Parsons (1914-1952). Crowley was concerned at the time about the disestablishment of the German faction of the OTO, whose members faced persecution by the Nazi Party. Several of Crowley's German friends had been arrested, and others had fled the country.
During World War II, Crowley was closely associated with the British intelligence community. His biographers are uncertain whether he was working as a British agent, or merely assisting actual agents. Among Crowley's close associates during the War were two fellow British writers who were working as intelligence agents: Roald Dahl (1916-1990) and Ian Fleming (1908-1964). Crowley supposedly helped create a new war slogan for the BBC, called "V for Victory". His asthma attacks worsened during the war, in part because the medication he needed was unavailable. He was briefly hospitalized in Torquay. Among Crowley's last published works was a wartime book about the concept of human rights.
On December 1, 1947, Crowley died due to chronic bronchitis, aggravated by pleurisy. He was 72-years-old at the time of his death. Despite Crowley maintaining several friendly and professional contacts during the last years of his life, only about a dozen people bothered to attend his funeral. His body was cremated, and his ashes were delivered to the next leader of the OTO, Karl Gemer. Gemer was living at the time in exile in the United States. Gemer buried Crowley's ashes in a garden located in Hampton, New Jersey. Crowley remains one of the most famous and influential occultists of his era, thought the nature of his legacy remains a controversial topic. - Writer
- Producer
His father had been a major in the Union army during the Civil War. Edgar Rice Burroughs attended the Brown School then, due to a diphtheria epidemic, Miss Coolie's Maplehurst School for Girls, then the Harvard School, Phillips Andover and the Michigan Military Academy. He was a mediocre student and flunked his examination for West Point. He worked a variety of jobs all over the country: a cowboy in Idaho, a gold miner in Oregon, a railroad policeman in Utah, a department manager for Sears Roebuck in Chicago. He published "A Princess of Mars" under the title "Under the Moons of Mars" in six parts between February and July of 1912. The same "All-Story Magazine" put out his immediately successful "Tarzan of the Apes" in October of that year. Two years later the hardback book appeared, and on January 27, 1918, the movie opened on Broadway starring Elmo Lincoln as Tarzan. It was one of the first movies to gross over $1,000,000. Burroughs was able to move his family to the San Fernando Valley in 1919, converting a huge estate into Tarzana Ranch. He was in Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 and remained in Hawaii as a war correspondent. Afterward he returned home with a heart condition. On March 19, 1950, alone in his home after reading the Sunday comics in bed, he died. By then he had written 91 novels, 26 of which were about Tarzan. The man whose books have sold hundreds of millions of copies in over thirty languages once said "I write to escape ... to escape poverty".- Actress
- Soundtrack
Although she could on a rare occasion display a bit of kindness, or at least some kind of grouchy benevolence, Helen Westley had few peers on stage or film when it came to outright unpleasantness. A stern, indomitable presence, her characters offered unsolicited advice to anyone and everyone within arm's reach. They could literally freeze a person in his or her own tracks with a mere hawk-like glare or arm-folding stance. They could be overbearing, greedy, spiteful, contentious, meddlesome, controlling, narrow-minded, viper-tongued, or all of the above. In essence, she was often major pain in the posterior to the film's star. It usually took a young, brave, gentle soul along the lines of a Shirley Temple or Anne Shirley to find a way to thaw out the icy cold heart that barely beat within.
The Brooklyn-born Helen was born on March 28, 1875 and studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She began on the stage at age 18 in a one-act comedy skit entitled "The Captain of the Nonesuch." Reaching stardom just before the dawn of the twentieth century, she co-founded both the Greenwich Square Players and the Washington Square Players, the latter growing into the Theatre Guild of which she became one of six managing directors. A steadfast player under the Broadway lights, she appeared in such classics as Chekhov's "The Seagull" (as Madame Arkadina) (1916), "Heartbreak House" (1920), "Liliom" (1921), "Peer Gynt" (1923), "The Adding Machine" (1923), "The Guardsman" (1924), "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1925), "The Doctor's Dilemma" (1927), "Strange Interlude" (1928), "Faust" (1928), "The Apple Cart" (1930), "Green Grow the Lilacs" (1931) and "They Shall Not Die" (1934), to name just a few.
By age 60, she had discovered and settled into filming, and for the next (almost) decade, spread misery in movie after movie. Her dour dowagers, no-nonsense matrons and acidulous relatives took the form of Granny Mingott in The Age of Innocence (1934); the designer title character in Roberta (1935); the manipulative and malicious mother of Joel McCrea in Splendor (1935); the harridan-like Parthy Hawkes in the Irene Dunne/Allan Jones version of Show Boat (1936); and the cackling, pipe-smoking grandmaw in Banjo on My Knee (1936). Her finger-wagging authority figures showed up to intimidate Anne Shirley in Anne of Green Gables (1934) and courageous little Shirley Temple who somehow managed to reveal her human side in four films: Dimples (1936), Stowaway (1936), Heidi (1937), and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938). Helen remained a vital character presence on the large screen up until her death at age 67 in 1942. She married John Westley in 1900 but they parted ways 12 years later. She had one daughter.- Actor
- Soundtrack
Spencer Charters was a burly, moon faced man who got his start in the theater where he basically stayed until 1930. Thereafter, he quickly launched a career as a character actor in movies. His specialty was a lower-to-middle-class worker, and he portrayed many types, including judges, doctors, clerks, managers, jailers, etc. Charters was a busy man, with over 200 parts from 1930 to 1943. By the late 1930s, Charters was feeling the effects of advancing age, and was unable to play more than short bit parts. He ended his life in 1943 via sleeping pills and carbon monoxide poisoning.- Actress
- Soundtrack
Eburne started on the stage in Ontario and New York, later appearing on Broadway in 1914, playing a cockney maid. She played comic servants on stage until 1930 then moved to films in 1931. On screen, she played a variety of roles from maids to aristocrats to pipe-smoking harridans. Eburne retired from the screen in 1951.- Actor
- Additional Crew
Distinguished Irish character actor of aristocratic or avuncular mien who appeared on stage from the age of 19. He had a penchant for appearing in plays by George Bernard Shaw (at first at London's Court Theatre and later on Broadway) and was was an early interpreter of Dr. John Watson during an 1899 Australian tour of Sherlock Holmes. Hare was later prolific as actor-director on the New York stage, variously with the theatrical companies of Charles Frohman and William A. Brady between 1900 and 1928. He entered films in 1916 as leading man to some of the noted stars of the stage, among them Billie Burke, Janet Beecher and Ethel Barrymore. As he grew older (and with the coming of sound) he graduated to character portrayals of high ranking military officers, inspectors, lords and royalty. Hare spent pretty much the remainder of his lengthy career free-lancing in Hollywood, content with ever-diminishing roles right up to his retirement in 1961.- Writer
- Director
- Producer
Edgar Wallace was born on 1 April 1875 in Greenwich, London, England, UK. He was a writer and director, known for King Kong (2005), King Kong (1933) and King Kong (1976). He was married to Ethel Violet King and Ivy Maude Caldecott. He died on 10 February 1932 in Hollywood, California, USA.- Actor
- Director
- Additional Crew
Though most famous as Capt. Englehorn, the ship captain who carried the expedition to an island to capture the great ape in King Kong (1933)--and its sequel, Son of Kong (1933)--Frank Reicher had a long history as a stage actor and director, and film director, prior to his "Kong" appearances, and in fact has more than 200 film roles to his credit.
Born in Munich, Germany, in 1875, he trained in Europe and then moved to New York in 1899 to act on the stage. His success there got him called to Hollywood in 1915, where he not only acted in films but also directed them. He took a few years off from his film career in 1921 to return to the New York stage, but then came back to Hollywood in 1926 and stayed there. He had a prolific career, acting and directing for most of the major studios, and was highly regarded in Hollywood not only as a filmmaker but as an acting teacher. In the World War II era he often played Nazi officials, or anti-Nazi partisans, and even turned up as a professor in The Mummy's Tomb (1942), a role he repeated in its sequel, The Mummy's Ghost (1944), and he played a succession of mad doctors, or their assistants, in several other Univeral horror films.
He made his final film in 1951, and died in 1965.- Actor
- Writer
- Director
Frank Craven, the actor, director, playwright, and producer who achieved theatrical immortality as The Stage Manager in the original 1938 Broadway production and 1940 movie version of Thornton Wilder's classic Our Town (1940), was born into a theatrical family on August 24, 1875 in Boston, Massachusetts. The son of Ella Mayer Craven and John T. Craven, he first trod the boards in Boston as a child. He made his Broadway debut in George Ade's comedy "Artie" at the Garrick Theatre on October 28, 1907. In 1914, he starred in and directed the first of his many plays to be produced on the Great White Way, "Too Many Cooks" [Original, Play] The play, which opened on February 24 and closed in September 1914, was a hit, lasting 223 total performances.
His 1924 Broadway play "New Brooms (1925)" which he wrote, produced and directed, was made into a major motion picture the following year by Paramount. Screenwriter Clara Beranger adapted the play for the film, which was directed by William C. de Mille. As a screenwriter himself, Craven worked on State Fair (1933); in all, he wrote or contributed to eight films, including an adaptation of his own 1932 play That's Gratitude (1934), which he also directed and starred in at Columbia. His most famous screen work was providing the story for the Laurel & Hardy comedy Sons of the Desert (1933) and adapting "Our Town" for the screen. In addition, seven of his plays were made into movies and one of his short stories was adapted for television production.
As a playwright and screenwriter, Craven generally stuck to the domestic-comedy genre rooted in the trials and tribulations of everyday family life. As an actor, Craven was willing typecast as an actor as small-town men with a wry sense of humor. He made his acting debut on the Big Screen in an uncredited role in the 1928 drama We Americans (1928) for Universal. At R.K.O. the following year, he directed and starred in the movie adaptation of William LeBaron's play The Very Idea (1929), which he co-directed with _Richard Rosson (I)_. Then, he returned to Broadway.
His film career began in earnest after Fox signed him to a contract in 1932. At Fox, he appeared in Handle with Care (1932) before writing the screenplay and playing the Storekeeper in the classic "State Fair", which starred superstar Will Rogers. In all, he acted in almost two score films.
Craven returned to Broadway in 1935 to direct the play "A Touch of Brimstone", which opened in September and closed after 98 performances. He also directed and performed in the World War One drama "For Valor" on Broadway, a flop that lasted only one week of eight performances. His next appearance on Broadway, three years later, was more memorable.
"Our Town", which opened at Henry Miller's Theatre on February 4, 1938 and ran there and at the Morosco for 336 performances, won the 1938 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play set in to the fictional Grover's Corners, New Hampshire between 1901 and 1913, also was the Broadway debut of his son John Craven, who played one of the main roles, George Gibbs. The independently made film of "Our Town" was released in 1940, with Craven reprising his role as the Stage Manager (with William Holden replacing his son in the role of George Gibbs). The movie, directed by Sam Wood, earned seven Academy Award nominations and remains a part of the mystique of the American classic.
Craven appeared on Broadway in three more productions after "Our Town". His last appearance was in Zoe Akins' "Mrs. January and Mr. X" in 1944. He died on September 1, 1945 in Beverly Hills, California, shortly after completing his role in movie Colonel Effingham's Raid (1946). He was 70 years old.- Edward Fielding was born on 19 March 1875 in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He was an actor, known for Rebecca (1940), The Pride of the Yankees (1942) and Sherlock Holmes (1916). He was married to Elizabeth Sherman Clark. He died on 10 January 1945 in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- American character actress from the theatre, former school teacher. On the New York stage since 1906 with 'Brown of Harvard', co-starring Laura Hope Crews. She acted under her maiden name Catherine Calhoun until 1920, then adopted the surname of her husband, the actor Paul Doucet, appearing almost exclusively in comedy. Her major successes included 'Miss Lulu Bett' (1920-21) and 'The Potters' (1923-24) as Ma Potter. Catherine Doucet made just a handful of films before the mid-1930's, only coming to the fore as Martha Dobie's (played by Miriam Hopkins) selfish aunt Lily Mortar in These Three (1936), based on Lillian Hellman's play 'The Children's Hour'. Film critic Frank S. Nugent described her performance as 'flawless'. For the rest of her career, Catherine portrayed a variety of indomitable matrons and society ladies. She gave excellent comic support in both stage and screen versions of 'As Husbands Go' and made a memorable foil to W.C. Fields in Poppy (1936).
- Actor
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Gilbert Emery was born on 11 June 1875 in Naples, New York, USA. He was an actor and writer, known for Between Two Worlds (1944), Wife vs. Secretary (1936) and Let Us Be Gay (1930). He died on 28 October 1945 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- Music Department
- Composer
- Soundtrack
Maurice Ravel was born on 7 March 1875 in Ciboure, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. He was a composer, known for Rashomon (1950), Basic (2003) and Stalker (1979). He died on 28 December 1937 in Paris, France.- Titian haired, full figured, voluptuous Dorothy Vernon had a career that spanned from the early days of moving pictures through the boxed screen known as television.
Whether it was a comedy, a western, a musical or whatever was needed, Dorothy did it all. Her unforgettable glow and her almost heavenly serene appearance was the focal point of many western square dances, slapstick sequences, or horrid haunts.
One film historian noted that he had seen Vernon in so many PRC westerns that he started to believe that she was Charles King's out of work mother.
At the end of the day, it doesn't matter what you watch from the 1920s - 1950, chances are eventually you'll run into the small lady with the big presence. - Actor
- Additional Crew
Ivan F. Simpson was born on 4 February 1875 in Glasgow, Scotland, UK. He was an actor, known for The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Captain Blood (1935) and Maid of Salem (1937). He died on 12 October 1951 in New York City, New York, USA.- Nora Bush was born on 13 November 1875 in Johnson, Scotland County, Missouri, USA. She was an actress, known for Valley of Vengeance (1944), Dragnet (1951) and My Little Margie (1952). She died on 22 April 1970 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Max Davidson was born on 23 May 1875 in Berlin, Germany. He was an actor, known for A Daughter of the Poor (1917), Don Quixote (1915) and The Johnstown Flood (1926). He was married to Alice Marti. He died on 4 September 1950 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Wilson Benge was born on 1 March 1875 in Greenwich, London, England, UK. He was an actor, known for Raffles (1930), The Bat Whispers (1930) and Bulldog Drummond (1929). He was married to Sarah L. Benge. He died on 1 July 1955 in Hollywood, California, USA.
- Thomas Mann was probably Germany's most influential author of the 20th century, receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929. Born on 6 June 1875 in Lübeck, his family moved to Munich in 1893, where he lived until 1933 and wrote some of his most successful novels like "Buddenbrocks" (1901), "Death in Venice" (1912) or "The Magic Mountain" (1924). After the Nazi takeover, the humanist and anti-fascist, married to Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a secular Jewish family, emigrated to Switzerland, then to Princeton and Pacific Palisades in the United States, where he finished his great tetra-logy "Joseph and His Brothers" in 1942. Two years later, he became a naturalized US citizen, but finally returned to Europe in 1952. The famous analyst and critique of the German and European soul died on 12 August 1955 in Kilberg near Zurich.
- Claude King was born on 15 January 1875 in Hackney, London, England, UK. He was an actor, known for Behind the Mask (1932), London After Midnight (1927) and Bella Donna (1923). He was married to Evelyn Hall and Evelyn Walsh Hall. He died on 18 September 1941 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Tiny Jones was born on 25 November 1875 in Cardiff, Wales, UK. She was an actress, known for Manhattan Moon (1935), Drums Along the Mohawk (1939) and The Man from Blankley's (1930). She died on 21 March 1952 in Hollywood, California, USA.
- Actor
- Director
- Writer
A veteran stage actor, James Kirkwood entered films in 1909 as an actor and was soon playing leads in many of D.W. Griffith's early pictures. He turned to directing in 1912, and by 1914 was the favorite director of Mary Pickford, with whom he made nine films; he also co-starred in three of them. Although he was considered a major director in his day, he soon found directing assignments difficult to come by. His directing career faded by 1920, but he continued acting well into the 1950s.- Arthur Wontner (1875-1960), the critics' choice. "No better "Sherlock Holmes" than Arthur Wontner is likely to be seen and heard in pictures, in our time... The keen, worn, kindly face and quiet prescient smile are out of the very pages of the book", Vincent Starrett's 'The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes'.
Arthur Wontner made his first stage appearance in 1897 and his first film 18 years later. Best-known today for his characterization of "Sherlock Holmes" in five films produced between 1931 and 1938, some Holmes aficionados prefer Wontner's studious interpretation to the more aggressive, energetic portrayals of Basil Rathbone. Ironically, Wontner landed the role on the strength of his performance in the 1930 stage production, Sexton Blake, based on a pulp-fiction character who'd been created as a Sherlock Holmes imitation. In later years, he played several small but memorable character roles, such as the elderly automobile fancier in Genevieve (1953).
Wontner was fifty-six when he made his first Sherlock Holmes film, "Sherlock Holmes' Fatal Hour" (actually called Sherlock Holmes' Fatal Hour (1931) in England). The story was based on "The Final Problem", but with some liberal rearranging. Norman McKinnel played "Moriarty" in this movie but would be replaced by Lyn Harding ("Dr. Grimesby Roylott" in Doyle's play, "The Speckled Band") for the others in the series. "The Missing Rembrandt" (based on "Charles Augustus Milverton") and "The Sign of Four" would be the next two films with Wonter.
For the final two, he would be pitted against "Professor Moriarty". The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935) was from "The Valley of Fear", and last up was Murder at the Baskervilles (1937). Apparently, the studio had difficulty in making the short story fill out to a feature-length film, as both "Moriarty" and "Henry Baskerville" are added to the movie. Strangely enough, though made in 1937, it wasn't released in the U.S. until 1941, when Basil Rathbone had already made The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939). To cash in on the success of that film, Wontner's movie was retitled "Murder at the Baskervilles".
Two actors played "Watson": Ian Hunter in The Sign of Four: Sherlock Holmes' Greatest Case (1932) and Ian Fleming, an Australian actor, who played "Watson" as "nice but dim". Of the five Holmes movies Wontner made, three were for Twickenham Studios, a low-budget production company. "Silver Blaze" and "The Sign of Four" were made by ARP. However, one of the films, Sherlock Holmes and the Missing Rembrandt (1932), is lost. Sherlock Holmes' Fatal Hour (1931) was unobtainable for decades, but it turned up on an American video dealer's list and was shown at the annual film evening in November 2000. It was very appropriate because it was first shown to the Society by Tony Howlett at the very first film evening in 1951, when Arthur Wontner, himself, was present.
The Society has the other three movies on film, "The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes", "Silver Blaze" and "The Sign of Four".
(This biography is used with the kind permission of The Sherlock Holmes Society of London.) - Director
- Writer
- Producer
French-born Louis J. Gasnier was a stage actor / director / producer in Paris when he was hired by Pathe to direct comedy shorts. After discovering and showcasing comedian Max Linder, Gasnier was sent by Pathe to the U.S. in 1912 to run its operation there. He helped to make Pathe a major player in the U.S. market by cleverly concentrating on the serial format, coming out with such landmark serials as The Perils of Pauline (1914). Like many silent-film directors, however, Gasnier couldn't successfully make the transition to sound. Many of his sound films were ultra-low-budget cheapies destined for the independent states-rights market, and he often required the collaboration of dialogue directors (who received co-director credit) to handle the actors' line readings. Gasnier's most famous film has to be the cult classic Reefer Madness (1936) (aka "Reefer Madness"), an unintentionally hilarious anti-marijuana polemic.- Actor
- Soundtrack
Russ Powell was born on 16 September 1875 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. He was an actor, known for Vamping Venus (1928), Check and Double Check (1930) and Heaven Will Protect a Woiking Goil (1916). He died on 28 November 1950 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- Carl Gustav Jung was born in Kessewil, Switzerland, on July 26, 1875. His father Paul was a rural preacher, and began to teach his son Latin when Carl was six years old, stoking his interest in language and literature (Jung was later able to read most European languages and several ancient ones, such as Sanskrit). He was not a particularly good student because he did not like the regimentation of school and was especially averse to competition (at boarding school in Basel he developed a habit of fainting under pressure).
After graduating he attended the University of Basel intending to major in archeology, but developed an interest in medicine and studied under renowned neurologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing. As a result, he decided on a career in psychiatry. Upon graduation from the university, he took a job in a Zurich mental hospital and began to specialize in the study and treatment of schizophrenia. He began to teach classes at the University of Zurich, and in addition started his own private practice. It was during this time that he developed what is known today as the system of word association.
Jung had long been an admirer of the famed Sigmund Freud, and in 1907 the two met in Vienna. They connected from the beginning, and Freud came away from the meeting convinced that Jung was at the top of the field in psychoanalysis and his "heir apparent". Jung, however, was not entirely convinced that Freud's theories were correct, and it wasn't long before matters came to a head. During a 1909 trip to the United States, things soured and Freud broke off their relationship.
The era of World War I was a painful one for Jung personally, but his professional career flowered and it was during this period that he developed his famous theory of personality. After the war he traveled extensively throughout the world, spending much time among primitive tribal societies in Africa and India and visiting and studying many Native American tribes in the U.S.
Jung retired in 1946, and after the death of his wife in 1955 he became somewhat reclusive. He died in Zurich, Switzerland, on June 6, 1961. - Gisela Werbisek was born on 8 April 1875 in Preßburg, Austria-Hungary [now Bratislava, Slovakia]. She was an actress, known for A Scandal in Paris (1946), Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari (1930) and Frau Braier aus Gaya (1926). She was married to John Piffle. She died on 10 April 1956 in Hollywood, California, USA.
- Actress
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Mistinguett was born on 3 April 1875 in Enghien-les-Bains, Val-d'Oise, France. She was an actress and writer, known for La Vie En Rose (2007), Chignon d'or (1916) and Rigolboche (1936). She died on 5 January 1956 in Bougival, Yvelines, France.- Jeanne Louise Calment had the longest confirmed human life span in history, living to the age of 122 years, 164 days (44724 days total). She lived in Arles, France, for her entire life, and outlived both her daughter and grandson. She became especially well known from the age of 113, when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh's visit brought reporters to Arles. She entered the Guinness Book of Records in 1988, and on 17 October 1995 she became the oldest person ever, having surpassed the (now dubious) case of Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan. She became the last living documented person born in the 1870s when the Japanese super centenarian Tane Ikai (born 1879) died on 12 July 1995.
In 1985, Calment moved into a nursing home, having lived on her own until age 110. Her international fame escalated in 1988, when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh's visit to Arles provided an occasion to meet reporters. She said at the time that she had met Van Gogh 100 years before, in 1888, as a thirteen-year-old girl in her uncle's fabric shop, where he wanted to buy some canvas, later describing him as "dirty, badly dressed and disagreeable", and "very ugly, ungracious, impolite, sick".
Calment recalled selling colored pencils to Van Gogh, and seeing the Eiffel Tower being built. At the age of 114, she appeared briefly in the 1990 film Vincent and Me as herself, making her the oldest person ever to appear in a motion picture.
A documentary film about her life, entitled Beyond 120 Years with Jeanne Calment, in 1995. In 1996, Time's Mistress, a four-track CD of Calment speaking over a background of rap, was released. On her 122nd birthday on 21 February 1997, it was announced that she would make no more public appearances, as her health had seriously deteriorated. She died on 4 August of that same year. - Louise Carter was born on 17 March 1875 in Denison, Iowa, USA. She was an actress, known for Week-End Marriage (1932), Madame Butterfly (1932) and Broken Lullaby (1932). She died on 10 November 1957 in Hollywood, California, USA.
- Kitty Bradbury born in Illinois in 1875, became a character performers in drama and comedy movies, she was often cast as white-haired middle aged mothers in films from the mid 1910's, first appeared in D.W. Griffith dramas, including 'Intolerance' in 1916, best remembered playing the role of Edna Purviance's mother in at least three Charlie Chaplin comedies including 'The Immigrant' in 1917 'The Kid' in 1921 and 'The Pilgrim' in 1923, she's also known to have played in Harold Lloyd comedies, last seen in dramas at Universal in the mid 1920's, she died at the age of 7o in Los Angeles.
- Actor
- Soundtrack
Brandon Tynan was born on 11 April 1875 in Dublin, Ireland. He was an actor, known for Unrestrained Youth (1925), Rangers of Fortune (1940) and The Lady and the Mob (1939). He was married to Lily Cahill and Caroline Whyte. He died on 19 March 1967 in New York City, New York, USA.- Jesse James Jr. was born on 31 August 1875 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. He was an actor, known for Jesse James as the Outlaw (1921) and Jesse James Under the Black Flag (1921). He was married to Stella McGowan. He died on 26 March 1951 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Born in Canada, Sam De Grasse entered films in 1912 and specialized in playing thoroughly disreputable, nasty, slimy bad guys. Douglas Fairbanks was so impressed with De Grasse's villainy that he used the actor in several of his more memorable productions. He wasn't the only member of the De Grasse family in films, though. His brother Joseph De Grasse was an actor and director, and his nephew Robert De Grasse was a cinematographer.
- Actor
- Writer
- Director
William V. Mong was born on 25 June 1875 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, USA. He was an actor and writer, known for Fighting Joe (1916), The Chosen Prince, or the Friendship of David and Jonathan (1917) and Lost in the Arctic (1911). He was married to Esme Isabel Haigh Warde, Mildred Ellen Payne and Marie Louise Kelley. He died on 10 December 1940 in Studio City, California, USA.- Actor
- Soundtrack
Roger Imhof was born on 15 August 1875 in Rock Island, Illinois, USA. He was an actor, known for This Gun for Hire (1942), Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) and The Grapes of Wrath (1940). He was married to Marcelle Imhof. He died on 15 April 1958 in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA.- Aldrich Bowker was born on 1 January 1875 in Ashby, Massachusetts, USA. He was an actor, known for Nancy Drew... Trouble Shooter (1939), Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) and Susan and God (1940). He died on 21 March 1947 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Rainer Maria Rilke was born in Prague on the 4th of December 1878 as the son of a military man working with railroads. After he visited a military Upper School he tried to avoid the army and did the preparations for the final exams and the final exams in private. He went to university to study literature and art. Rilke left Germany for a journey to Russia which had a big influenced on him. He settled down 1900 in Worpswede, a German village with artists only, most of them painters. He married one of them, Clara Westhoff, but the marriage was divorced in 1902. After journeys to Spain, North Africa, Egypt and France he finally found a man with money: After World War One he settled down in Switzerland in a castle owned by Werner Reinhart, but free to use for him. On the 29th of December 1926 he died in a sanatory in Valmont on Leucaemia. Rilke made some important contributions to the German literature. His work, including the novel "Malte Laurids Brigge" and many famous poems, are the standing examples of the literary "Jugendstil", an epoche in which the authors tried to reflect their inner views.- Actor
- Director
- Writer
Horace B. Carpenter was born on 31 January 1875 in Sauk Rapids, Minnesota, USA. He was an actor and director, known for Maniac (1934), The Arizona Kid (1929) and Fangs of Fate (1925). He was married to Beatrice Allen and Ella N. Hilger. He died on 21 May 1945 in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA.- John Buchan was born on 26 August 1875 in Perth, Perthshire, Scotland, UK. He was a writer, known for The 39 Steps (1935), Thirty Nine Steps and The 39 Steps. He was married to Susan Charlotte Grosvenor. He died on 11 February 1940 in Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Actor
- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Albert Schweitzer was born on January 14, 1875, in Kaysersberg, near Strasbourg, Elsass-Lothringen, Germany (now in Alsace, France). His father and both grandfathers were pastors and organists. His family had been devoted to education, religion and music for generations.
Schweitzer took music lessons from his grandfather, a church organist. He spoke German and French in his bilingual Alsace family, and later added English to his studies. From 1893-1899 he studied philosophy and theology at the University of Strasbourg, University of Berlin and the Sorbonne. In 1899 he completed a doctorate dissertation on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. From 1905-1912 he studied medicine in Strasbourg and Paris, and received his MD degree in tropical medicine and surgery in 1912.
From the age of 9 Schweitzer started regular performances of organ music in his father's church and continued his organ recitals until the age of 89. In 1905 he wrote a biography of Johann Sebastian Bach, in French, then he rewrote and updated the Bach book--in German--in 1908, the version considered definitive. Schweitzer also published a book on organ building and playing in 1906. He was involved in the restoration of many valuable historic organs worldwide, including construction of the organ at his hospital in Lambarene, where he played music for his patients. He was described as the doctor who returns health to ill people and music to old organs. Albert Schweitzer made notable organ recordings of Bach's music in the 1940s and 1950s. Schweitzer based his interpretation on his profound knowledge of personality, education, religious and social life of Bach.
In 1905 he began his medical studies at the University of Strasbourg, because he decided to go to Africa as a medical doctor rather than a pastor. His medical knowledge was in urgent need during an epidemic of sleeping sickness there. In 1913 he obtained his MD degree, but was turned down by the Paris Missionary Society because his very liberal views of Christ's teachings did not conform to the Society's orthodox beliefs. Schweitzer and his wife went to Lambarene, French Equatorial Africa (now Gabon), and started a hospital in a tent, gradually adding rooms for special cases of sleeping sickness, leprosy, paediatrics and surgery. After his release from French internment Schweitzer practiced medicine in Strasbourg from 1918-1923. In 1924 he returned to his hospital in Lambarene, which was to be restored after years of decay during his absence. There his medical practice included paediatrics, infectious diseases and epidemiology, as well as surgery and traumatology. His versatility in medicine helped to save many thousands of lives. Schweitzer donated his royalties from public performances and book publications to the hospital, which expanded to 500 beds by the 1950s. "Everyone must have his 'Lambarene'", said Schweitzer.
Schweitzer gained great reputation for writing "The Quest of the Historical Jesus" (1906). He was acclaimed for his two concise books on in 1905-1908. In 1917 Schweitzer and his wife were arrested by the French administration in Africa for being Germans, and sent to a French internment camp at the St. Remy mental institution. There Schweitzer was kept at the same room where Vincent Van Gogh lived before his suicide. The Schweitzers were prisoners of war until the end of the First World War in 1918. After his release Schweitzer gave a major speech about his "Reverence for Life" (1920). He spent six years in Europe and published "The Decay and the Restoration of Civilization" (1923) and "Civilization and Ethics" (1923), which he drafted during his captivity in St. Remy.
Schweitzer saved lives by his medical work, by writing and teaching and by advocating for peace and nuclear control. He admittedly followed the similar line as that of the Russian humanitarian and writer Lev Tolstoy. As the founder of a free public hospital, a writer and humanitarian, Schweitzer became the leading proponent of accessible medicine for all. He was also involved in the foundation of the Goethe Institute. From 1952 until his death Schweitzer worked against nuclear weapons together with Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell. On December 10, 1953, Schweitzer was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He donated his prize money to build a leprosy clinic in Lambarene. In 1957 Schweitzer co-founded The Committee for a sane Nuclear Policy.
As it was told, many girls adored Schweitzer, but Helene Bresslau offered him thoughtful partnership and practicality instead of flattery. Schweitzer and Helen began their relationship in 1898, as students. In many hundreds of their letters they only once used the word "love". Schweitzer called his medical work "the religion of love, actually put into practice." The disapproval, conservatism and shallowness of many Christian friends and even his own father did not stop him from his career change to medicine in 1905. Only Helene Bresslau understood him. In 1912 Schweitzer married her before they went to Equatorial Africa. It was a passionate, profound joining of souls. She trained as a nurse and became his assistant in medical work, in writing and in international public service. Their daughter, Rhena, was born in 1919, she later became the lab analyst at her father's hospital in Africa. His cousin Anne-Marie Schweitzer was the mother of Jean-Paul Sartre, who called Schweitzer 'Uncle Al'.
Schweitzer was a multifaceted person, a true Renessance man. He was a doctor, a pastor, a teacher, a writer, a musician, a father and husband, an international lecturer and the leading proponent of peace, all at the same time. He admired all people as brothers and sisters. His openness and helpfulness to strangers was disarming and ennobling. He was learning from simple people through his entire life, being himself patient, modest and humble. "Why are you traveling in the 4th class?" some official asked him - "Because there is no 5th class", answered Schweitzer.
His humor was legendary. His look resembled that of his friend Albert Einstein. Once on a train he was asked by two schoolgirls, "Dr. Einstein, will you give us your autograph?" He did not want to disappoint them, so he signed their autograph book: "Albert Einstein, by his friend Albert Schweitzer."
He died on September 4, 1965, in the hospital, which he founded in 1913, and was laid to rest in the ground of his hospital in Lambarene, Gabon.- Director
- Producer
- Additional Crew
In the US from the age of 10, he first worked as a journalist-illustrator for the New York World. Interviewing Thomas A. Edison, he so impressed the inventor with his drawings that Edison suggested he allow some of them to be photographed by the Kinetograph camera. The result was a short film, Edison Drawn by 'World' Artist (1896). Fascinated by the new medium, Blackton bought a Kinetoscope from Edison, went into partnership with a friend, Albert E. Smith, and exhibited films with it. In 1897 they added a third partner, William T. Rock, and the young partners converted the projector into a motion-picture camera and established the Vitagraph Company. They started film production in an open-air studio on the roof of the Morse Building at 140 Nassau Street, New York City. Their first film, The Burglar on the Roof (1898), was about 50 feet long, with Blackton playing the leading role. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, they produced Tearing Down the Spanish Flag (1898), probably the world's first propaganda film. Smith operated the camera and Blackton was again the actor, tearing down the Spanish flag and raising the Stars and Stripes to the top of a flagpole. Blackton and his partners continued filming fake and real news events, ranging from Spanish-American War footage to coverage of local fires and crimes in New York City. They constantly expanded their activities and soon moved into the world's first glass-enclosed studios, in Flatbush, Brooklyn. Blackton directed most of the production of this early period, including such story films as A Gentleman of France (1905) and Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (1905), two milestones in the development of the American feature film. Blackton pioneered the single-frame (one turn, one picture) technique in cinema animation, turning out a number of animated cartoons between 1906 and 1910, including the immensely successful Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906), The Haunted Hotel (1907), and The Magic Fountain Pen (1909). He also introduced (in 1908, before Griffith) the close shot, a camera position between the close-up and the medium shot. Like Griffith, he emphasized film editing, setting his films apart from most of the products of this very early period. His film editing was especially noteworthy in his 'Scenes Of True Life' series, a realistic group of films he directed beginning in 1908. Next to Griffith, Blackton was probably the most innovative and creative force in the development of the motion picture art, not only as the director of hundreds of films but also as organizer, producer, actor, and animator. He pioneered the production of two- and three-reel comedies and starred in one such series as a character called Happy Hooligan. Beginning in 1908, he also pioneered the American production of distinguished stage adaptations, including many Shakespeare plays and historical re-creations. When the output at Vitagraph became too heavy for one man to handle, he initiated the system (later to be adopted by Ince) of overseeing the work of several underling directors as production supervisor. In 1917 he left active work with Vitagraph and began independent productions. During WWI, he directed and produced a series of patriotic propaganda films, the most famous of which, and which he also wrote, was The Battle Cry of Peace (1915), based on a hypothetical attack on New York City by a foreign invader. Blackton later went to England, where he directed a number of costume pageants, two of them experiments in color. When Vitagraph was absorbed by Warner Bros. in 1926, Blackton retired. He lost his entire fortune in the 1929 crash and was forced to seek work on a government project in California. Later he was hired as director of production at the Anglo-American Film Company, where he worked until his death. Between 1900 and 1915, Blackton was president of the Vitaphone Company, a manufacturer of record players. In 1915 he organized and became president of the Motion Picture Board of Trade, later known as the Association of Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. He was also publisher and editor of Motion Picture Magazine, one of America's first film-fan publications.- Actor
- Director
- Producer
Born in Melbourne, Australia, Paul Scardon had extensive experience on the stage in his home country before coming to the US in 1905. He made films for Majestic and Reliance, among other studios, before joining Vitagraph in 1914. He appeared in several films there as an actor, but soon turned to directing. He was married to Betty Blythe, who he directed in dozens of films. He stayed with Vitagraph until 1919. He directed his last film in 1924, although he stayed in the business as an actor until 1949.
He died in Fontana, California, in 1954 of a heart attack. He was 79.- Actor
- Make-Up Department
- Director
Eddie Polo was born on 1 February 1875 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. He was an actor and director, known for The Vanishing Dagger (1920), The New Adventures of Terence O'Rourke (1915) and The Lure of the Circus (1918). He was married to Pearl Grant and Alice Finch. He died on 14 June 1961 in Hollywood, California, USA.- Actor
- Director
- Writer
Eduardo Arozamena was born on 14 October 1875 in Mexico, D.F., Mexico. He was an actor and director, known for Enamorada (1946), La soñadora (1917) and Carne de cabaret (1931). He was married to Carmen Pasarón, Clemencia Méndez and Florentina Crespo. He died on 21 May 1951 in Mexico D.F., Mexico.- William Courtenay was born on 19 June 1875 in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. He was an actor, known for Miss Jerry (1894), The Sacred Flame (1929) and The Way of All Men (1930). He was married to Virginia Harned. He died on 20 April 1933 in Rye, New York, USA.